The Creeds:
Walking in the Faith of Our Fathers
by the Rev. Dr. Detlev Schultz
Professor Pastoral Ministry & Missions
Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne, Indiana
When the word Creed is mentioned, we generally associate with it a fixed
body of statements which were formulated and accepted at a specific point
in time by the Christian church and transmitted in its history as important
articles to which believers continue to pledge their allegiance. Three
important creeds immediately come to mind, namely the Apostles' Creed,
the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed. Upon opening the Book of Concord,
wherein all important documents of the Lutheran church are contained, the
reader will find these creeds referred to as the "three chief or ecumenical
symbols" and placed alongside seven other documents of the Lutheran church:
the Augsburg Confessions, its Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Treatise,
the Small and Large Catechism, and finally the voluminous Formula of Concord.
These three creeds enjoy a very special status in the Christian church
not only because of their old age but also because they are ecumenical
in character, that is, they have been accepted by the Christian church
worldwide and not only by a single church body. Thereby, they have become
for all Christians signs or symbols which remind us that fundamental questions
were both raised and decisively answered in the period between the days
of the apostles and those of the reformers. Noteworthy, therefore, is the
fact that the reformers quoted the Creeds with the specific purpose to
prove to their opponents they were not innovating new doctrines of a church-divisive
nature, but shared the ecumenical faith of the ancient church. As a token
of acknowledging their revered status, posterity gave the three creeds
alone the exclusive title creeds whereas all other important documents
of the church were called confessions.
The Creeds Have Their Roots In Scripture
Together with the other confessions in the Book of Concord, the creeds
share a relationship to Scripture, not as being infallible in character,
but nonetheless as true explications of Scripture. In fact, they do not
only illuminate the Bible's true meaning, but they have their roots in
Scripture from both a phenomenological and historical perspective. If we
examine the word Creed etymologically, that is by tracing the origin of
the word, we discover that it is derived from the Latin word credere which
means nothing other than "to believe." We can say that creeds are statements
of what Christians' believed at a particular moment in time. Such statements
of faith are infinite in number in Scripture and very old in origin. Creeds
are as old as the church; yes as old as God's people on this earth. Already
the nation of Israel, in allegiance to its God Jahwe, the Creator and Redeemer,
expressed its faith in brief statements such as "Hear, O Israel, the Lord
our God is one Lord" (Deuteronomy 6:4). In the New Testament, believers
shared Peter's confession that Christ is the "Messiah (Christ), the Son
of the living God," which was his answer to Jesus' question, "But who do
you say that I am?" (Matthew 16: 15-16). In similar fashion also the eunuch
in his desire to be baptized by Philip declared his faith with the words,
"I believe Jesus Christ is the Son of God" (Acts 8:37).
Confessing The Creeds May Lead To Persecution
Yes, to affirm one's trust and allegiance in Jesus Christ as Lord was
without doubt both a very personal and audible expression in whom salvation
is believed to be found. As we are told by Paul, "because if you confess
with your lips that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised
him from the dead, you will be saved" (Romans 10:9). However, in doing
so, the believer very often puts his own life on the line. Stephen, the
martyr, may serve as the most placid example where his bold and outspoken
belief cost him his life. In fact, this may explain why in the time of
persecution in the early church, Christians chose the symbol of the fish
to express their faith in this cryptic form. For if spelled out, the letters
for a fish, I CH TH YS, stood in for the abbreviated Greek words, Jesus
Christ, Son of God, Savior. To this day, inscriptions of this symbol can
be seen in the catacombs beneath the city of Rome where the remains of
many a Christian's tortured and mutilated body rest in peace.
The Creeds Are Structured According To The Faith In The Triune God
It was not only the one person, Jesus Christ, who stood in the focus
of the Christians' faith. At times, God the Father and the Son were confessed
together (Romans 4:24) in what we identify today in scholarly terms as
bipartite structured statements. On other occasions, all three persons
of the Trinity were confessed in the form of tripartite structured statements
as can be found in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19) or in what we call
the Pauline pulpit blessing, "Grace and peace be with you from God our
Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit" (2 Corinthians 13:13). Naturally,
the Creeds themselves were a direct outflow of these brief confessions
to the Triune God but of a more elaborate structure and content.
The Creeds Versus The Privacy Of Faith
In conducting a comparison between such brief expressions of faith in
the Bible and the long and elaborate statements of the ecumenical Creeds,
the fixed and rigid formulations of the latter hardly seem to reflect the
personal and spontaneous character of the former. This may give rise to
a number of objections so common to this day and age. Without doubt, many
a Christian's battle cry can be heard, "The Bible, the bible only is the
religion of us Lutherans" and not some later formulas passed by the church.
Others might place greater demands on a person's ethical expressions where
what you do becomes the hallmark of true Christianhood rather than what
is confessed and believed, particularly such formal statements as the creeds.
Others, while finding the setting and statements of the creeds from a historical
perspective appealing, reject their validity for today's time and situation.
Opponents to the creeds, such as those mentioned above, seem to be oblivious
of the basic claim of the ecumenical creeds. They never want to represent
a movement away from the personal and brief statements of faith in Scripture,
but rather a radical return to their deepest meaning and implications as
these were opened afresh by controversial and problematic attacks. Indeed,
it may be said the ecumenical creeds are once again successful attempts
at finding answers to the fundamental question Jesus asked Peter, "Who
do you say I am?" in a given context. Faith is never confessed in a vacuum,
but relates to important events and challenges within a Christian's life.
The Creeds Must Remain Personal Statements Of Faith
The three ecumenical creeds will never be relegated to antiquity. According
to the motto, "There is nothing new under the sun" (Ecclesiastes 1:1),
they may be used as an important yardstick to address contemporary questions
and problems which are often not so new after all, but mere repristinations
of former old heresies. This advice applies in particular to young churches
in the mission field who may be relieved in having these creeds in their
possession to combat new controversies on the Triune God. But, we too,
must include the creeds in the personal expression of our faith as we continue
to seek answers to the question, "Who do you say I am?" The most apparent
evidence of our commitment to the creeds, apart from having received them
into the Book of Concord, is that they are given a special seat in the
liturgy of our church. The Apostles' Creed is confessed most often in the
worship service be it at baptism or after the reading of the Gospel. The
Nicene Creed is reserved for important church festivals or Sundays. Unfortunately,
the Athanasian Creed has been relegated to near obscurity. Though hardly
confessed in the church, it fortunately has found a special seat in Trinity
Sunday with which the lengthy Trinity season begins. This shows that the
creeds are still very much in use today. Their important seat in the liturgy
of the Christian church has always included their value for pre-baptismal
catechetical instruction and confirmation.
The Creeds Belong To Faith As Light Does To Fire
In view of the creeds, two further reasons may justify their validity
for today. There is the saying "the person who belongs to God also understands
who God is" and that "a church without a past has no future." The creeds,
were for the Christians, a means to openly publicize their faith in the
Triune God to the outside unbelieving Grecian and Roman worlds. Just as
the quality of a trumpet depends on its clear sound, so too, our faith
may keep nothing back of the truth about God, the Father, Son and Holy
Spirit, who has set us free. All Christians "are chosen to tell about the
excellent qualities of God" (I Peter 2:9). In this way, our faith and the
creeds belong together just as fire and light are inseparable from each
other. May they again become for us a means of instructing our erring neighbors
and enlightening the faith of the unbelievers. |
